![]() We found that most of them are successful, in both economic and social terms, and their role in the local community is positive. Using the data collected by means of a qualitative investigation of some of the most important Calabrian social farms, we studied their characteristics, their strategies, their social mission, and their role in the local socio-economic context. We wondered whether in such a region social farming can make a significant contribution to its social and economic development. It investigates the case of Calabria, one of the least developed regions in Italy and in Europe, which suffers from several serious problems for example, the low level of accessibility, and the presence of the Mafia organisations. This paper focuses on social farming, a new “branch” which includes activities that make use of agricultural, rural and natural resources in order to produce food and social services. The inconsistent associations of predictors across the hurdle components suggest that extortion prevalence and concentration are fueled by two distinct processes, an interpretation congruent with theoretical expectations regarding extortion that considers that repeats are likely fueled by a process of event dependence. Overall, unexplained differences in extortion concentration at the business-level were unaffected by predictors of extortion prevalence. Similarly, most business-level variables significantly associated with victimization risk showed insignificant (and sometimes contrary) associations with victimization concentration. While area-level variables showed a modest association with the likelihood of extortion victimization, they were not significant predictors of repeat incidents. Next, we utilize a multilevel negative binomial-logit hurdle model to examine whether area- and business-level predictors of victimization are also associated with the number of repeat extortions suffered by businesses.įindings suggest that extortion is highly concentrated, and that the predictors of repeated extortion differ from those that predict the likelihood of becoming a victim of extortion. The alternative is that extortion concentration is a function of event dependence.ĭrawing on Mexico’s commercial victimization survey, we determine whether repeat victimization occurs by chance by comparing the observed distribution to that expected under a Poisson process. We then test whether the factors that explain the likelihood of becoming a victim of extortion also explain the number of incidents suffered by victimized businesses. In this paper we examine whether the same is true for extortion against businesses. Research consistently shows that crime concentrates on a few repeatedly victimized places and targets.
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